TCP/IP Client and Server¶
Sockets can be configured to act as a server and listen for incoming messages, or connect to other applications as a client. After both ends of a TCP/IP socket are connected, communication is bi-directional.
Echo Server¶
This sample program, based on the one in the standard library documentation, receives incoming messages and echos them back to the sender. It starts by creating a TCP/IP socket.
import socket
import sys
# Create a TCP/IP socket
sock = socket.socket(socket.AF_INET, socket.SOCK_STREAM)
Then bind() is used to associate the socket with the server address. In this case, the address is localhost, referring to the current server, and the port number is 10000.
# Bind the socket to the port
server_address = ('localhost', 10000)
print >>sys.stderr, 'starting up on %s port %s' % server_address
sock.bind(server_address)
Calling listen() puts the socket into server mode, and accept() waits for an incoming connection.
# Listen for incoming connections
sock.listen(1)
while True:
# Wait for a connection
print >>sys.stderr, 'waiting for a connection'
connection, client_address = sock.accept()
accept() returns an open connection between the server and client, along with the address of the client. The connection is actually a different socket on another port (assigned by the kernel). Data is read from the connection with recv() and transmitted with sendall().
try:
print >>sys.stderr, 'connection from', client_address
# Receive the data in small chunks and retransmit it
while True:
data = connection.recv(16)
print >>sys.stderr, 'received "%s"' % data
if data:
print >>sys.stderr, 'sending data back to the client'
connection.sendall(data)
else:
print >>sys.stderr, 'no more data from', client_address
break
finally:
# Clean up the connection
connection.close()
When communication with a client is finished, the connection needs to be cleaned up using close(). This example uses a try:finally block to ensure that close() is always called, even in the event of an error.
Echo Client¶
The client program sets up its socket differently from the way a server does. Instead of binding to a port and listening, it uses connect() to attach the socket directly to the remote address.
import socket
import sys
# Create a TCP/IP socket
sock = socket.socket(socket.AF_INET, socket.SOCK_STREAM)
# Connect the socket to the port where the server is listening
server_address = ('localhost', 10000)
print >>sys.stderr, 'connecting to %s port %s' % server_address
sock.connect(server_address)
After the connection is established, data can be sent through the socket with sendall() and received with recv(), just as in the server.
try:
# Send data
message = 'This is the message. It will be repeated.'
print >>sys.stderr, 'sending "%s"' % message
sock.sendall(message)
# Look for the response
amount_received = 0
amount_expected = len(message)
while amount_received < amount_expected:
data = sock.recv(16)
amount_received += len(data)
print >>sys.stderr, 'received "%s"' % data
finally:
print >>sys.stderr, 'closing socket'
sock.close()
When the entire message is sent and a copy received, the socket is closed to free up the port.
Client and Server Together¶
The client and server should be run in separate terminal windows, so they can communicate with each other. The server output is:
$ python ./socket_echo_server.py
starting up on localhost port 10000
waiting for a connection
connection from ('127.0.0.1', 52186)
received "This is the mess"
sending data back to the client
received "age. It will be"
sending data back to the client
received " repeated."
sending data back to the client
received ""
no more data from ('127.0.0.1', 52186)
waiting for a connection
The client output is:
$ python socket_echo_client.py
connecting to localhost port 10000
sending "This is the message. It will be repeated."
received "This is the mess"
received "age. It will be"
received " repeated."
closing socket
$
Easy Client Connections¶
TCP/IP clients can save a few steps by using the convenience function create_connection() to connect to a server. The function takes one argument, a two-value tuple containing the address of the server, and derives the best address to use for the connection.
import socket
import sys
def get_constants(prefix):
"""Create a dictionary mapping socket module constants to their names."""
return dict( (getattr(socket, n), n)
for n in dir(socket)
if n.startswith(prefix)
)
families = get_constants('AF_')
types = get_constants('SOCK_')
protocols = get_constants('IPPROTO_')
# Create a TCP/IP socket
sock = socket.create_connection(('localhost', 10000))
print >>sys.stderr, 'Family :', families[sock.family]
print >>sys.stderr, 'Type :', types[sock.type]
print >>sys.stderr, 'Protocol:', protocols[sock.proto]
print >>sys.stderr
try:
# Send data
message = 'This is the message. It will be repeated.'
print >>sys.stderr, 'sending "%s"' % message
sock.sendall(message)
amount_received = 0
amount_expected = len(message)
while amount_received < amount_expected:
data = sock.recv(16)
amount_received += len(data)
print >>sys.stderr, 'received "%s"' % data
finally:
print >>sys.stderr, 'closing socket'
sock.close()
create_connection() uses getaddrinfo() to find candidate connection parameters, and returns a socket opened with the first configuration that creates a successful connection. The family, type, and proto attributes can be examined to determine the type of socket being returned.
$ python socket_echo_client_easy.py
Family : AF_INET
Type : SOCK_STREAM
Protocol: IPPROTO_TCP
sending "This is the message. It will be repeated."
received "This is the mess"
received "age. It will be"
received " repeated."
closing socket
Choosing an Address for Listening¶
It is important to bind a server to the correct address, so that clients can communicate with it. The previous examples all used 'localhost' as the IP address, which limits connections to clients running on the same server. Use a public address of the server, such as the value returned by gethostname(), to allow other hosts to connect. This example modifies the echo server to listen on an address specified via a command line argument.
import socket
import sys
# Create a TCP/IP socket
sock = socket.socket(socket.AF_INET, socket.SOCK_STREAM)
# Bind the socket to the address given on the command line
server_name = sys.argv[1]
server_address = (server_name, 10000)
print >>sys.stderr, 'starting up on %s port %s' % server_address
sock.bind(server_address)
sock.listen(1)
while True:
print >>sys.stderr, 'waiting for a connection'
connection, client_address = sock.accept()
try:
print >>sys.stderr, 'client connected:', client_address
while True:
data = connection.recv(16)
print >>sys.stderr, 'received "%s"' % data
if data:
connection.sendall(data)
else:
break
finally:
connection.close()
A similar modification to the client program is needed before the server can be tested.
import socket
import sys
# Create a TCP/IP socket
sock = socket.socket(socket.AF_INET, socket.SOCK_STREAM)
# Connect the socket to the port on the server given by the caller
server_address = (sys.argv[1], 10000)
print >>sys.stderr, 'connecting to %s port %s' % server_address
sock.connect(server_address)
try:
message = 'This is the message. It will be repeated.'
print >>sys.stderr, 'sending "%s"' % message
sock.sendall(message)
amount_received = 0
amount_expected = len(message)
while amount_received < amount_expected:
data = sock.recv(16)
amount_received += len(data)
print >>sys.stderr, 'received "%s"' % data
finally:
sock.close()
After starting the server with the argument farnsworth.hellfly.net, the netstat command shows it listening on the address for the named host.
$ host farnsworth.hellfly.net
farnsworth.hellfly.net has address 192.168.1.17
$ netstat -an
Active Internet connections (including servers)
Proto Recv-Q Send-Q Local Address Foreign Address (state)
...
tcp4 0 0 192.168.1.17.10000 *.* LISTEN
...
Running the the client on another host, passing farnsworth.hellfly.net as the host where the server is running, produces:
$ hostname
homer
$ python socket_echo_client_explicit.py farnsworth.hellfly.net
connecting to farnsworth.hellfly.net port 10000
sending "This is the message. It will be repeated."
received "This is the mess"
received "age. It will be"
received " repeated."
And the server output is:
$ python ./socket_echo_server_explicit.py farnsworth.hellfly.net
starting up on farnsworth.hellfly.net port 10000
waiting for a connection
client connected: ('192.168.1.8', 57471)
received "This is the mess"
received "age. It will be"
received " repeated."
received ""
waiting for a connection
Many servers have more than one network interface, and therefore more than one IP address. Rather than running separate copies of a service bound to each IP address, use the special address INADDR_ANY to listen on all addresses at the same time. Although socket defines a constant for INADDR_ANY, it is an integer value and must be converted to a dotted-notation string address before it can be passed to bind(). As a shortcut, use the empty string '' instead of doing the conversion.
import socket
import sys
# Create a TCP/IP socket
sock = socket.socket(socket.AF_INET, socket.SOCK_STREAM)
# Bind the socket to the address given on the command line
server_address = ('', 10000)
sock.bind(server_address)
print >>sys.stderr, 'starting up on %s port %s' % sock.getsockname()
sock.listen(1)
while True:
print >>sys.stderr, 'waiting for a connection'
connection, client_address = sock.accept()
try:
print >>sys.stderr, 'client connected:', client_address
while True:
data = connection.recv(16)
print >>sys.stderr, 'received "%s"' % data
if data:
connection.sendall(data)
else:
break
finally:
connection.close()
To see the actual address being used by a socket, call its getsockname() method. After starting the service, running netstat again shows it listening for incoming connections on any address.
$ netstat -an
Active Internet connections (including servers)
Proto Recv-Q Send-Q Local Address Foreign Address (state)
...
tcp4 0 0 *.10000 *.* LISTEN
...
